When only one atom is replaced with heavy isotope of any constituent element (ie, 13C 16O 2), it is called a 'singly-substituted' species. A 12C 16O 2 molecule (composed only with most abundant isotopes of constituent elements) is called a ' monoisotopic' species.

Oxygen has three stable isotopes ( 16O, 17O and 18O) and Carbon has two ( 13C, 12C). Isotopic structure of CO 2 and MgCO 3 illustrating singly and doubly substituted species of CO 2. This requires study of molecules with high resolutions looking at bonding scenario (how heavy isotopes are bonded to each other)- leading to knowledge of stability of molecule depending on its isotopic structure.

The recent advancement in the field of stable isotope geochemistry is the study of isotopic structure of minerals and molecules. Magnesite is also present within the regolith above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and subsoil, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide in groundwaters. These magnesites are often cryptocrystalline and contain silica in the form of opal or chert. Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of ultramafic rocks, serpentinite and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional metamorphic terrains. Iron, manganese, cobalt, and nickel may occur as admixtures, but only in small amounts. Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula Mg C Oģ ( magnesium carbonate). May exhibit pale green to pale blue fluorescence and phosphorescence under UV triboluminescent Usually massive, rarely as rhombohedrons or hexagonal prisms Magnesite crystals from Brazil (11.4 x 9.2 x 3.6 cm)Ĭolorless, white, pale yellow, pale brown, faintly pink, lilac-rose

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